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Artemisinin (Wormwood) - From Malaria To Cancer |
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(READING TIPS: For fast reading, scan through the topic headings in BOLD BLACK, important conclusions in BOLD BLUE, and " Must Know " in BOLD RED. To jump to specific sections in this article, click on the respective LINKS in the Contents.)
Contents
The Use
for Malaria
The Use for Cancer
Forms of Artesminin
Toxicity and Side Effects
Cautions
Dosage
Product Concerns
Many marvels of modern medicine are discovered by accident. Some of these
include: -
1. The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming.
2. The use of saw palmetto to prevent benign prostate enlargement.
3. Digoxin to enhance cardiac function.
4. Gingko to reduce vascular viscosity and increase blood flow.
Recently, another ancient herb called artemisinin was discovered. History
documentation showed that it was used to treat intestinal parasitic infections, hemorrhoids
(its an anti-inflammatory) and malaria as early as 2000 years ago.
THE USE FOR MALARIA
This treatment for malaria was,
however, lost over time. It was only rediscovered in an archeological dig
in the 1970s where its medicinal use was found in a recipe inside a tomb.
The formula was dated back to 168 B.C. where the Chinese chemist isolated
the primary active ingredient from the leafy portion of plant called A.
annua L.
In 1972, scientists in the West called this crystalline compound "qinghaosu"
or "artemisinin". Since then, studies in China and Vietnam have confirmed
that artemisinin is a highly effective compound with close
to 100 percent response rate for treating malaria. It has the
ability to destroy the malaria parasite by releasing high doses of free
radicals that attack the cell membrane of the parasite in the presence of
high iron concentration. In fact, over one million malaria patients have
been cured via this method. Their symptoms
also subsided in a matter of days.
However, the treatment using this herb to treat malaria is not approved
for use in the U.S.A due to the concern that it has a 21 percent recrudescent
rate. Scientists believe that this is more likely due to patients not taking
the compound for a long period. Many of them actually stop taking it
as soon as their symptoms subside.
Artemisinin comes in a few derivatives, including the oil soluble artemether,
which has been found to induce neurotoxic symptoms in animals in high dose
(but not reported in humans). For those who are technically inclined, the
activities of all artemisinin derivatives are dependent on their internal
endoperoxide bridge. It is therefore a close relative of hydrogen peroxide
therapy. While the exact mechanism is still under intense research, it has
been shown that this herb works via highly reactive oxygen-based free radicals
that becomes activated in the presence of iron. Iron is an oxidant, and
our body tries to protect us from excessive iron moving it to a binded state
such as hemoglobin and enzymes. The malaria parasite accumulates iron by
infecting iron-rich red blood cell. Excessive iron that is spilled onto
the surrounding tissues will activate the artemisinin to generate a burst
of free radicals that attack the iron rich cells, killing the parasite in
the process.
In other words, this compound works well in an iron rich environment (remember that
malaria lives in the red blood cell rich in iron) through the release of
free radicals that serve to damage the malaria organism. It is
also interesting to note that drugs known to work by enhancing oxygen radical
effects such as doxorubicin can enhance the effects of artemisinin.
For malaria, there is no resistance nor toxicity at the dosage of 3 grams,
(about 50mg/kg) administered over a 3 to 5 day period. It is especially
useful in the treatment of drug resistant malaria.
Outside of the United States, artemisinin is the number one natural herb
used for malaria treatment.
THE USE FOR CANCER
So far, the most extensive study on the use of Artemisinin as an anti-cancer
agent was carried out by bioengineering scientists Drs Narenda Singh and
Henry Lai of the University of Washington. This study was reported in the
Journal Life Science (70 (2001): 49-56).
Iron is required for cell division, and it is well known that many cancer
cell types selectively accumulate iron for this purpose. Most cancers have
large number of iron attracting transferring receptors on their cell surface
compared to normal cells. In laboratory studies of radiation, resistant
breast cancer cells that has high propensity for accumulating iron revealed that
artemisinin has 75 percent cancer cell killing properties in a 8 hours and
almost 100 percent killing properties within 24 hours when these cancer
cells are "pre-loaded" with iron after incubation with holotransferrin.
On the other hand, the normal cells remained virtually unharmed. Another
study showing the effectiveness of artesunate in treatment of cancer was
also published in Oncology (April 2001: 18(4): 767-73).
The fact that iron content of cancer cells is high has also been used in another anti-cancer therapy called Zoetron therapy, where iron containing cancer cells are induced into motion using a magnetic device to induce resonance. Resonance generate heat. Cancer cells are more sensitive to heat compared to normal healthy cells. When cancer cells are heated to a certain temperature, they die while normal cells still survive.
Artemisinin is effective against a wide variety
of cancers as shown in a series of successful experiments. The most effective
is leukemia and colon cancer. Intermediate activities were also shown against
melanoma, breast, ovarian, prostate, CNS and renal cancer. Although
artemisinin is insoluble in water, it is able to cross the blood brain barrier
(the water soluble artesunate is the weakness among the derivates) and may
be particularly suitable for curing brain tumors, together with Poly-MVA
(an metalo-vitamin)
In laboratory studies, iron needs to be added
to enhance the effects of artemisinin. Within the human body, no such addition
is necessary, as iron already exist in the body. It can also
be taken orally and therefore high doses are not required. Some people believe
that as nitrogen (tertiary amine) is absent in ART, cancer cells cannot
get rid of it once it enters into the cancer cell. As a result, ART stays
in the cell much longer.
In addition to the high affinity
for iron in aggressive cancer cell types, most cancer cells also lack the
enzyme catalayse and gutathione peroxidase. Catalayse breaks down hydrogen
peroxide. A low catalayse content means a higher hydrogen peroxide load,
which can release superoxide free radicals when properly stimulated to do
so. This is in fact one common mechanism among chemotherapeutic agents as
well as vitamin C. These traits make cancer cells more susceptible to oxidative
damage as compare to normal cells in the presences of hydrogen peroxide.
For this reason, administration of vitamin C in high dose is acceptable,
although a gap of 2-3 hours is preferred.
According to Dr Rowen , a naturally oriented medical doctor and editor of
the medical newsletter " Second Opinion" , the Hoang family of physicians
in Vietnam had used arteminisin in the treatment of cancer for years. They
have reported that, over a 10-year period, more than 400 patients were treated
with artemisinin in conjunction with a comprehensive anti-cancer program
with 50 to 60 percent long-term remission rate. The safety record of artemisinin
has well been studied for over 25 years. No significant toxicity in short-term
use for malaria at high dose of up to 70 mg/kg per day has been reported.
Artemisinin is not a stand-alone chemotherapeutic
agent. A combination of nutritional supplements (such as green
tea, CoQ10 and pancreatic enzyme) as well as a good anti-cancer diet is
required.
ART may be administered orally, with a 32
percent bioavailability as compared to injections. It is highly bound to
membranes. Laboratory measurement of its serum level is therefore not exact.
There are three common forms of artemsinin. The water soluble form is called artesunate . It is the most active and the least toxic. It also has the shortest life within the body Artemether is the lipid soluble form. It has the longest life but also the most toxic in high dosage which is seldom needed. The biggest advantage of artemether is that it can cross the blood brain barrier. Artemisinin is the active parent compound of the plant. It's half-life is intermediate. It is also very safe, and can cross the blood-brain barrier. Some clinicians prefer to use a combination of all three forms, while others tend to favor the use of artemisinin alone with great success.
TOXICITY AND SIDE EFFECTS
High doses of artemisinin can produce neurotoxicity
such as gait disturbances, loss of spinal and pain response, respiratory
depression, and ultimately cardiopulmonary arrest in
large animals.
In human beings, there are very few reports of adverse effects except for
one case of first-degree heart block. According to Robert Rowen, MD, there
is a dose related decrease in reticulocyte count for 4 days after artesunate
or artemether at doses of 4 mg/kg per day for 3 days. However, the count
returns to normal by day 14. When artemisinin suppositories are used, doses
as high as 40 mg/kg per day have no effects on the reticulocyte count. In
a study, it was reported that up to 35 percent of the volunteers had some
form of transient drug induced fever.
When ART is tested with monkeys, they showed no toxicity when they received
up to 292 mg/kg of artemether over 1 to 3 months. This is equal to a human dose of 20,000 mg for a 70
kg male (Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2(1):31-36 1982).
In another study, there was also no sign of toxicity in over 4000 patients.
This does not exclude possible cases of long-term cumulative toxicity which
is unknown at this time.
CAUTIONS
a. No artesminin should be taken within 30 days of radiation therapy because
of possible free iron leaks to the surrounding tissues after radiation therapy.
b. Preliminary laboratory studies include: CBC, reticulocyte count, liver
function test, ferritin, TIBC, ESR, C reactive protein, and appropriate
tumor markers. If the iron load is low, supplementing iron for a few days
can be considered prior to starting artemisinin.
c. Tumor markers may increase during the initial stages as the tumor starts
breaking down.
d. Vitamin E may work against the effectiveness of ART in vitro. However,
this has not been shown to be a concern in human clinical cases.
DOSAGE
The therapeutic dose ranges from 200
mg a day up to 1,000 a day (in divided doses ) depending on cancer
types and the source of the herb. In laboratory studies,
significant cell toxicity is shown to have been effected at dosage as little
as 1-2 mg/kg body weight .
The exact dosage is highly controversial. In addition
to the lack of clinical trials and individual variations, the dosage is
highly dependent on the purity and potency of the herb itself. The same
100 mg capsules from one manufacturer may have different and varied effect
from another manufacturer.
Artemisinin should always be taken with food. Cod liver oil
, cottage cheese, or fish oil may be administered at the same time to enhance
absorption. Generally, 400 to 800 mg per day can be used for at least
6 to 12 months. After that, it can be tapered off slowly.
Always take artesminin 2-3 hours aside from other antioxidants such as Vitamin C.
Artemisinin is a "cooling herb" in the traditional Chinese medicine perspective,
and some may find it too "cooling" with symptoms such as tingling. If this
occurs, then the dosage should be reduced.
Despite its seemingly high degree of effectiveness, it is important to note
that artemisinin is not a stand-alone compound. Concurrent use of high dose pancreatic enzyme , daily enema, liver
detoxification, and periodic laboratory measurement should also be considered
as part of an overall aggressive anti-cancer program.
PRODUCT CONCERNS
Due to the increasing popularity of this product, the consumer should exercise
extreme caution and buy only from the most reputable supplier. Only
genuine and pure artemisinin should be used, and only buy from sources you
are familiar with. There is tremendous variation in the potency of the herb.
A 100 mg of artemisinin from one source may be many times more potent than
the same 100 mg from another source. Only buy from source you can trust,
and not be fooled by inexpensive "alternatives".
Since the herb comes from China and South-east Asia, proper quality assurance on purity and standardization is of tremendous importance. High-grade artemisinin must always be confirmed by independent laboratory analysis on a batch by batch basis to ensure consistence and purity.
Lastly, always check with your health care professional prior to starting this herb.
Read also: Artemisinin Research Study
About The Author
Michael Lam, M.D., M.P.H., A.B.A.A.M. is a specialist in Preventive and Anti-Aging Medicine. He is currently the Director of Medical Education at the Academy of Anti-Aging Research, U.S.A. He received his Bachelor of Science degree from Oregon State University, and his Doctor of Medicine degree from Loma Linda University School of Medicine, California. He also holds a Masters of Public Health degree and is Board Certification in Anti-aging Medicine by the American Board of Anti-Aging Medicine. Dr. Lam pioneered the formulation of the three clinical phases of aging as well as the concept of diagnosis and treatment of sub-clinical age related degenerative diseases to deter the aging process. Dr. Lam has been published extensively in this field. He is the author of The Five Proven Secrets to Longevity (available on-line). He also serves as editor of the Journal of Anti-Aging Research.
For More Information
For the latest anti-aging related health issues, visit Dr. Lam
at www.LamMD.com. Feel free to email
Dr. Lam at dr@LamMD.com if you have any questions.
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©2002 Michael Lam, M.D. All Rights Reserved.
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